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Conjectures and Refutations

Karl Popper

Critical rationalism

It anchors the open-society tradition's epistemology, linking fallibilism to political tolerance and reform.

Synopsis

A collection developing critical rationalism, arguing knowledge grows by bold conjectures exposed to refutation, with falsifiability marking genuine science.

Core passage idea

Paraphrase · Modern copyrighted work

A theory counts as scientific only if it forbids something and can in principle be refuted by evidence; theories that explain everything explain nothing.

It supplies a criterion for distinguishing science from pseudo-science and a model of progress through error-correction.

To avoid a bubble

Pair with Thomas Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions.

Reading note

Read selected essays as self-contained arguments, focusing on the conjecture-and-refutation method over the technical philosophy of science.

Best paired with

Thomas Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions

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