About the author
Genevan philosopher and writer (1712–1778) whose ideas about natural goodness, the corrupting effects of society, and popular sovereignty shaped both the French Revolution and Romanticism. Rousseau's Social Contract gave democratic theory its most radical expression; his other works — Émile, the Confessions, Discourse on Inequality — exposed its deepest tensions. His influence extends from Kant to Robespierre to contemporary democratic theory.
Synopsis
A political theory of legitimate authority based on the general will, popular sovereignty, and the problem of remaining free under law.
Quote to notice
Direct quote · Public domain“Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains.”
Rousseau begins from the tension between natural freedom and social constraint. The question is whether political order can make people free rather than merely obedient.
To avoid a bubble
Pair with Locke or Mill for a more individual-rights-centered view of freedom.
Reading note
Do not read Rousseau as simply anti-society. He is asking what kind of political order could make collective life legitimate.
Best paired with
John Locke, Second Treatise of Government.